Welcome to our April & May 2025 Broadcast! It’s been a hectic but rewarding couple of months for us at Torpor, and we’re excited to share a glimpse of what we’ve been up to.
Stay tuned for a recap of the Kingdom of Rizia 3.1 “Sovereign” Update, which launched a few weeks ago; the latest news about the official Suzerain soundtrack release on vinyl; and a summary of the first-ever community-created Suzerain LARP.
We’re also thrilled to announce our nomination at Games for Change 2025, take you behind the scenes of the Torpor team’s outing to A MAZE. in Berlin, and give you a look at what’s coming next... and much more!
3.1 "Sovereign" Update Launched
After months of development and community open testing, we launched the long-awaited 3.1 “Sovereign” Update for the Suzerain DLC, Kingdom of Rizia in May. This marked a monumental moment for us, as it allows us to continue expanding and refining these rich narrative storylines, free for the community.
3.1 “Sovereign” was a massive overhaul and the dawn of a new Rizia. We introduced deeper strategic and narrative complexity. Players can now wield greater authority over governance, navigate evolving relationships with advisors and foreign powers, and confront new dilemmas that test the very limits of their regal leadership.
To coincide with the launch of 3.1 “Sovereign”, we hosted a Q&A livestream, presented by Ata across Discord, Twitch, and YouTube. The community had the chance to ask questions about all things “Sovereign” and more.
We were blown away by the love and support from the community following the launch of 3.1, and we can’t thank you enough! ❤️
Of course, an update of this scale comes with new and unforeseen challenges, many of which were brought to our attention by the Suzerain community. In case you missed it, we addressed the most common concerns in a recent blog post.
The team is currently working on multiple projects, three of which will be announced this year. We are very excited about the next steps following Rizia and the future of the game and its universe. Our audience is growing across all channels and we are seeing more media interest too.
As we wrap up the final polish patches for now, our focus is shifting to starting newer and more exciting projects. The team is also taking well-deserved breaks to rest, recharge, and come back ready for what’s ahead. Thank you for your continued support. We look forward to growing this universe together.
Your Feedback Matters
We truly value input from the community and want to hear more from you. We've put together a community survey that we're closely monitoring, as it helps guide our next steps. If you haven’t filled it out yet, we’d love to hear your thoughts. We can plan better for the future with your feedback in mind.
Music lovers, the time is finally here! We’re excited to announce that the official Suzerain soundtrack by composer James Spence is now available on vinyl, as part of a beautifully crafted 2xLP in Sordland Red. The vinyl and its packaging were designed using sustainability-focused materials to ensure a high-quality, environmentally responsible product.
Speaking about composing the soundtrack, James Spence shares:
"For Suzerain, I was inspired by post-rock, ambient, and soundtrack music. These genres always created a strong sense of place and aesthetic and a subtle emotional weight that couldn’t be created with a bombastic score. As the player takes on the presidency of a country with a long troubled past, I wanted to reflect that heavy burden in the music."
It’s the perfect way to experience the atmosphere of Suzerain in the comfort of your home, or to add a unique piece to your collection.
What makes Suzerain so special is the community’s passion for its universe. This March, three dedicated fans - Robin, Hermann and Annabelle - brought that universe to life with the first-ever Suzerain LARP. 🫡
The event brought together over two dozen passionate Suzerain fans, each contributing their own costumes, characters, and convictions. In the halls of a real castle, they negotiated, conspired, and embodied the tensions of a continent on the brink of a fictional Cold War.
A huge thank you to Not Great Not Terrible for organizing this event with such vision, care, and attention to detail. Special recognition goes to Robin Plötzwich, Hermann Eichhorn, and Annabelle Bitzmann, who helped shape this unforgettable experience within the Suzerain universe. Here are a few photos taken by Hagen Hoppe from that incredible event:
Want to Join the 2026 LARP?
After the massive success of the 2025 Suzerain LARP, we're incredibly excited to announce that the second and third runs of Conundrum: Schatten über Ostmerkopa are taking place in March 2026 at the picturesque Château de Blier, in the heart of the Belgian Ardennes, Érezée, Belgium.
Are you ready to immerse yourself in the captivating world of Suzerain?
It’s the 1950s, and an alternate Cold War rages, with the fate of Eastern Merkopa hanging in the balance. What role will you play? Join the LARP and shape the destiny of Eastern Merkopa.
We're incredibly excited to announce that Suzerain: Kingdom of Rizia has been nominated in the Best in Civics category at this year’s Games for Change Awards!
Games for Change (G4C) is the leading nonprofit organization dedicated to harnessing games and immersive media for social impact, and we're honored to be part of this inspiring event. We're also thrilled to be among such talented fellow finalists: Nuclear Negotiator by Jollywise and Two Falls (Nishu Takuatshina) by Unreliable Narrators.
The G4C Awards Ceremony will take place on June 26th at Parsons School of Design at The New School in New York City. If you'd like to watch the event, it will be streamed live on Twitch starting at 6:30 PM ET, hosted by Spawn On Me’s Kahlief Adams.
The Torpor team took a trip to Berlin’s beautiful Silent Green culture quarter for A MAZE., the game and media festival celebrating all things fresh and innovative. It was wonderful to see so many amazing projects and people showcasing their brilliant ideas. Team highlights include: Breaking News by Luna Duck Studios, Sentiment Games' Deck of Memories, and Sokpop's Stacklands. Check out a couple of the photos below:
Recapping the HIT Games Conference
Torpor's Managing Director and Co-Founder, Ata, recently shared his experience of releasing Suzerain at the Berlin-edition of the HIT Games Conference, alongside PlaytestCloud and beyondthosehills.
If you're interested, the panel discussion, 'How to Successfully Launch and Operate a Game on PC and Consoles in Today's Realities', is available to check out on YouTube.
Following the launch of the 3.1 update, we’re now beginning work on updating the Nintendo Switch version to include all content released since its initial launch, up to and including the "Sovereign" update and Kingdom of Rizia. Keep your eyes peeled for the latest Switch updates!
We’re excited to announce that the latest patch for the 3.1 update has been released! Thank you for all the love and feedback you’ve shared over the past couple of weeks since we launched 3.1 "Sovereign".
If you want to support the team and help improve the playing experience, please report all bugs, feedback, and ideas through the Suzerain Discord server, which you can find here and in the bug report channel.
Patch 3.1.0 Build 136 Release
(04/06/2025)
The patch is deployed to the default branch. The database changes only apply to new games, and code fixes apply to on-going games.
Common
Technical
Implemented PC offline Torpor Account profile UI
Implemented additional error handling for save files with issues
Bug Fixes and Polish
Fixed issue with hyperlinks UI panel for gamepad
Fixed issue with clicking on tokens over flag overlays
Kingdom of Rizia DLC
Content Updates
Added notification decision for national destabilization ending and extra narrative support for it continuing
Added consequences for post-nationalization RRG decision and made workers' council
Design & Balancing
Added penalty warnings and penalty event decisions for key negative modifiers which didn't have them to warn players and give some immersive tips
Moved several positive modifiers (religious approvals, high popularity, su omina support) to earlier and pushed negative modifiers to later turns
Su Omina negative modifier pushed to turn 7
Pushed negative breaking traditions modifier forward to turn 4
Moved revolutionaries to turn 5 to coincide with MITZ
Increased base romus authority by 1
Moved provincial obstruction to 7 and made it more difficult to get
Made it easier to fix drug trade
Made it easier to fix East trade reduction
Added grading to revolutionaries
Made it easier to fix revolutionaries
Added grading to now late game modifiers of heightened consumption and foreign goods reliance
Moved heightened consumption and foreign goods reliance to turn 8
Made Morella relations matter more regarding border content
Improved border security situation checks
Moved Business Influx earlier to turn 3
Moved Economic Instability to later turn 6
Fixed business influx and instability appearing at the same time. Added mutual exclusivity
Pushed organized crime negative modifier forward to turn 3
Made it slightly more difficult to get Sordland trade
Made it harder to get horrible living standards
Fixed a missing relation update state that impacted Rumburgian Sovereign Ties
Made it easier to get authority from intelligence services
Provincial taxes avoided and fully paid now have some impact on administrative balance per turn (-1 to +1)
Added constructed military industries integer and updated military equipment reliance calculation
Reduced negative damages on tourism slightly
Completing Sallabes grandsanctuary construction now improves Sordland and Rumburg relations
Completing construction of Bronaz energy storage will now give +1 energy
Added immersive resource difficulty selection options for a slightly easier, and slightly harder start for both stories
Some immigration decrees now reduce drug trade
Added authority modifier impacts to Iza outcome
Added gradualization to centralized security cost, reduced by admin, logistics, intel decrees
Added +1 tourism to completed Plavo restoration
Expansion of administrative authorities now increases max budget ceiling
Added positive CSP relations for political amnesty decree
Added public infrastructure state to economy calculation
Moved Sordland bond results to earlier
Changed diplomatic envoy impacts and banning of Malenyevist books impact
Improved public infrastructure decision chain situation triggers
Increased starting ship resource by 1
Reduced cost of buying ship by 1 budget
Updated navy focus to include 1 submarine
Reduced budget cost of army focus by 1 budget
Increased budget cost of navy focus by 1 budget
Bug Fixes
Fixed premature endings in Iza speech, Rusty phone call and third House of Delegates scene
Stopped Vina and Adarfo from appearing where they shouldn't
Fixed bug where Rumburg Sovereign Bond authority modifier plummeted despite good relations
Fixed bug where Provincial Tax Avoidance modifier triggered despite good house relations
Republic of Sordland
Content Updates
Soll acknowledges player's housing assistance program at football match if implemented
Mobile Divergence
Fixes to application pause related ANRs for Android
Rizia Nominated for Best in Civics at Games for Change 2025
Dear Citizens of the Suzerainverse,
We're incredibly excited to announce that Suzerain: Kingdom of Rizia has been nominated for the Best in Civics category at this year’s Games for Change Awards!
Games for Change (G4C) is the leading nonprofit organization dedicated to harnessing games and immersive media for social impact, and we're honored to be part of this inspiring event. We're also thrilled to be among such talented fellow finalists in the category: Nuclear Negotiator by Jollywise and Two Falls (Nishu Takuatshina) by Unreliable Narrators.
“As our community has expanded worldwide, so has the impact and breadth of the games we celebrate. This year’s finalists demonstrate the power of games and immersive experiences to address both local and global challenges,” said Susanna Pollack, President of Games for Change.
The G4C Awards Ceremony will take place on June 26th at Parsons School of Design at The New School in New York City. If you'd like to watch the event, it will be streamed live on Twitch starting at 6:30 PM ET, hosted by Spawn On Me’s Kahlief Adams.
In the Kingdom of Rizia, we dive into absolute rule, its fragility, the struggles among nobility, and how monarchies resist reform or fail to do so. The game deeply explores war, lost territories, energy crises, resource claims, and the challenge of building both bilateral and broader alliances through diplomacy.
And we’re only getting started. We’re continuing to build this universe with depth, care and intention going forward.
Dear Citizens of the Suzerainverse and LARP Enthusiasts,
After the massive success of the first-ever Suzerain LARP, we're incredibly excited to announce that the second and third runs of Conundrum: Schatten über Ostmerkopa are taking place in 2026. Are you ready to immerse yourself in the captivating world of Suzerain? Read more below.
It's the 1950s and an alternate Cold War rages, with the fate of Eastern Merkopa hanging in the balance. What role will you play? Join the LARP and shape the destiny of Eastern Merkopa.
📅 Dates Run 2: 12 – 15 March 2026 Run 3: 19 – 22 March 2026
📍Location The event will take place in Belgium, at the picturesque Château de Blier, located in the heart of the Belgian Ardennes, Érezée.
💶 Prices Ticket tiers range from €80 to €360 (accessibility first) and include catered meals.
If applications exceed available slots, places will be raffled to ensure fairness.
Please note, the LARP will be held in German.
Sign-ups are open until 15th June 2025, 20:00 CEST.
The first run was sold out, so be quick to register before it's too late.
A big thanks goes out to Robin, Hermann, and Annabelle at Not Great Not Terrible for all of their tireless efforts and passion in bringing Suzerain to life.
For more information about Conundrum: Schatten über Ostmerkopa, visit: https://notgreatnotterrible.de/
Check out some of the photos from the 2025 event below:
View more photos here: https://steamcommunity.com/games/1207650/announcements/detail/564749771124768911 Glovurius axa Rizia!
We’re excited to announce that the latest patch for the 3.1 update has been released! Thank you for all the love and feedback you’ve shared over the past couple of weeks since we launched 3.1 "Sovereign".
If you want to support the team and help improve the playing experience, please report all bugs, feedback, and ideas through the Suzerain Discord server, which you can find here and in the bug report channel.
Patch 3.1.0 Build 135 Release
(28/05/2025)
The patch is deployed to the default branch. The database changes only apply to new games, and code fixes apply to on-going games.
Common
Technical
Switched to Unity version 6
Optimized memory usage for raycasts
Bug Fixes and Polish
Fixed issue with pause snapshots and removed it from the PC build
Fixed issue with At War state in token information panel
Fixed issue with journal entry ordering
Fixed issue with setting resolution in some devices
Fixed some remaining issues with game initialization
Kingdom of Rizia DLC
Content Updates
Expanded summary screen and adjusted year of death in the case of early ending
Added dialogue feedback for new MITZ financial penalty
Added a penalty decision for MITZ negotiation failure
Expanded leader description in story selection to reflect the starting state more
Updated some summary wording on casualties for war
Added minor summary texts for dissatisfied religious communities stopping donations
Design & Balancing
Adjusted conditions for Su Omina destabilization and Allied To Crown situations
Increased base Romus authority modifier by 1
Moved organized crime to appear in turn 2, but based on security choices, it will now have lower impact
Moved Golcondist negative impact to appear in turn 3
Moved several situation modifiers to turns 4 and 5
Dastnurist impacts are appearing post-4, Wruhecist ones post-5, Popularity in 4, Su Omina modifiers post5, Lost Territorial Integrity to post-1, Power Projection to post-3
Moved Living Standards calculation to turn 4
Provincial Tax Payments now impact administrative costs
Increased heavy industry industrial capacity increase by 1 and cost by 1
Reduced thresholds for Living Standards calculation
Added more impacts of instability to economy calculation
Updated eastern trade reduced modifier conditions
Adjusted thresholds for Popularity modifiers
Added Sordland trade budget modifier
Increased impact of total units on Power Projection
Lowered the threshold for a more positive impact of total units on Power Projection
Updated MITZ budget balancing
Fixed revolutionaries' funding not being set
Added an obstruction modifier if Romus angers all noble houses before the Gathering and is unpopular
Reduced the negative impact of paralyzed Romus on public opinion to allow players to recover more easily
Added economic growth benefit modifier for consumer industries
Increased difficulty of achieving strong border security
Rumburgian bond authority modifier now scales based on Rumburg relation
Reduced energy storage cost trigger to final resource before the limit
Increased the size of the negative public opinion impact on reform movement calculation
Added gradualization to organized crime modifier and revolutionaries modifier
Fixed bug with popularity gradualization modifier which prevented updates
Fixed the Blitzkrieg achievement not triggering
Fixed military equipment situation bug
Fixed City tokens not showing Governor changes after takeover
Fixed budget bug for Crown Administration Expansion
Fixed wrong news triggering for Romus Toras hospital
Fixed Civil War epilogue ending prematurely under some circumstances
Fixed premature ending in Turn 8 House of Delegates scene when Adarfo is speaker and military is present
Fixed Turn 7 Iza speech ending prematurely when religious conversation option is selected
Fixed potential dead end in Intermerkopum negotiations
Fixed looping dialogue in Sazon reform talks
Fixed potentially incorrect mention of Golcondist mercenaries in Turn 8 security scene
Republic of Sordland
Content Updates
Added more detailed Rumburg war summary text outcomes
Added more conversation options in Turn 10 war declaration
Design & Balancing
Increased threshold for the growth economy indicator
Lowered labor market crisis threshold slightly
Bug Fixes
Fixed incorrectly set Rumburg_Defence_PincerAttack and Rumburg_Offence_Blitzkrieg variables by replacing them with correctly set variables; deleted the duplicates
Fixed error where player couldn't continue opposition investigation with ACP
Fixed broken links in Turn 7 Franc conversation, Turn 9 Monica divorce talk and retirement ending speech
At Torpor Games, the community is at the heart of everything we do. We're always listening, and your feedback and concerns directly impact our development decisions, including how we prioritize bugs and features for Suzerain and Suzerain: Kingdom of Rizia.
With that in mind, and with help from our moderators, we want to address some of the most common concerns raised by the community since the release of the 3.1 "Sovereign" update, in the spirit of transparency. Here's a short Q&A with Torpor Games' founder, Ata, to help clarify a few things. A number of Android players have been blocked from playing Suzerain since the 3.1 update was released. Can you explain why that is and what the current situation is?
"We've received reports from the Google Play platform indicating issues related to legacy Android security versions. These are versions that have been phased out and are no longer supported by Android. The presence of these outdated SDKs has negatively impacted our standing with the Play Store.
Following advice from Google Play mentors, we’ve reduced access for users on these older versions to assess the impact. The platform does not expect us to support these versions and even advises against doing so, due to the lack of system coverage and increasing security concerns.
We are currently evaluating the data gathered from this change to determine if access can be restored and will share a final decision based on our findings. Your patience during this assessment period is appreciated."
Some players have experienced issues when booting up the game, with it freezing during the loading screen. What could be causing this, and what’s the current situation?
"We’ve identified specific technical issues affecting a smaller portion of our player base. Our development team is actively investigating these problems and has launched advanced diagnostics to pinpoint their causes.
To assist us, please share your system specifications, describe the issues you've encountered, and let us know if you have tried any workarounds. Resolving these issues is currently our top technical priority, and the majority of our engineering resources are focused on this effort. You can do so via the Suzerain Universe Discord here and head to the Testing-BugReports channel.
As we expand to more platforms, our codebase and system stability become more complex. This can lead to unexpected issues, some of which did not surface during Open Testing but only became visible after launch. We are working diligently to resolve them and hope to address most of them very soon."
Since the launch of 3.1, there have been some murmurings about the nationalization and privatization paths in Sordland being more expensive. What are your thoughts on this?
"Each update we release includes content and balancing changes. Suzerain is an evolving game, and that is part of its core identity. Our aim is to refine the design using a combination of analytics, player feedback, and our creative direction.
Suzerain today is a different game than it was five years ago, three years ago, or even one year ago. Strategies, storylines, and meta balances continue to shift, which means the experience and value you gain from the game may also change over time as you experience new branches, new challenges, and new solutions.
We believe in presenting different systems with all their complexities, including both advantages and disadvantages. Exploring the grey is integral to our identity. Our goal is to continuously refine the design until it reaches the level of depth and sophistication we envision. As of now, we are very pleased with the state of Update 3.1 and the Kingdom of Rizia expansion. While some minor improvements will still be made, larger adjustments will be reserved for future updates and exciting new releases we have planned.
This game grows together with you and the universe we are building. I hope this clears up any concerns!"
As mentioned, we truly value the input of our community and want to hear more from you as we shape the future of the Suzerain universe. To share your thoughts on the direction of Suzerain, the community, and much more, please fill out this form; it will help shape the future of development: https://forms.gle/fCGnYxmYy5Ex4JVq5
Thank you again for your support, patience, and love for indie games!
We’re excited to announce that the latest patch for the 3.1 update has been released! Thank you for all the love and feedback you’ve shared over the past couple of weeks since we launched 3.1 "Sovereign".
If you want to support the team and help improve the playing experience, please report all bugs, feedback, and ideas through the Suzerain Discord server, which you can find here and in the bug report channel.
Patch 3.1.0 Build 134 Release
(21/05/2025)
The patch is deployed to the default branch. The database changes only apply to new games, and code fixes apply to on-going games.
Common
Technical
Improved diagnostics and analytics
Improved error handling for Steam store failures
Bug Fixes and Polish
Fixed issue with token information panel clicks sometimes breaking other panel states
Fixed issue with purchase state rarely not getting recognized
Kingdom of Rizia DLC
Content Updates
Added Crown Supreme Royal Decree to Order Category which boosts Authority
Added a few new elements to the human rights calculation
Design & Balancing
Updated conditions for Su Omina allegiance and "Lack of Order in Iza" situation
Lowered threshold for Wehlen's initial Intermerkopum potential
Made balancing changes to Crown Prince choices with new impacts on Tourism, Drug Trade, Broken Traditions
Added design impacts of the new decree to different calculations
Adjusted Breaking Traditions balance slightly to account for new changes
Increased starting budget by 1
Added missing city token status updates
Bug Fixes
Fixed several duplicate narrative support bugs
Fixed bug where Hugo and Lucita showed up at council meeting after reform-related arrests
Fixed Typos in Turn 6
Fixed bugs where Turn 9 Titus conversation and Turn 8 security conversation ended prematurely
Fixed the Turn 10 birthday bug where centralization wasn’t possible despite earlier expressing support for such reforms
To celebrate the launch of the 3.1 "Sovereign" update for Suzerain: Kingdom of Rizia, the DLC has been available at a limited-time 20% discount, with Suzerain itself discounted by 70%. Now is the perfect time to grab both titles before this offer ends!
Starting Wednesday May 21st, the price of Suzerain: Kingdom of Rizia will increase to $14.99 across all PC platforms. Suzerain's regional pricing will also be updated. These changes will apply to all Bundle editions as well.
These price adjustments will help support the ongoing development of future DLCs and free updates.
What makes Suzerain so special is the community’s passion for its universe. This March, two dedicated fans, Robin and Hermann, brought that universe to life with the first-ever Suzerain LARP. 🫡
The event brought together over two dozen passionate Suzerain fans, each contributing their own costumes, characters, and convictions. In the halls of a real castle, they negotiated, conspired, and embodied the tensions of a continent on the brink of a fictional Cold War.
A huge thank you to Not Great Not Terrible for organizing this event with such vision, care, and attention to detail. Special recognition goes to Robin Plötzwich, Hermann Eichhorn, and Annabelle Bitzmann, who helped shape this unforgettable experience within the Suzerain universe.
And of course, our deepest thanks to everyone who attended and to all the organizing staff who gave it their all. Your presence, creativity, and dedication are what truly brought this gathering to life.
Here’s a photo recap of the event, with thanks to Hagen Hoppe for the amazing photography. Check them out!
We're thrilled to share that the latest patch for the 3.1 update has been released. We want to thank you for all of the love and feedback that we received for 3.1 "Sovereign".
If you want to support the team and help improve the playing experience, please report all bugs, feedback, and ideas through the Suzerain Discord server, which you can find here and in the bug report channel.
Patch 3.1.0 Build 133 Release
(14/05/2025)
The patch is deployed to the default branch. The database changes only apply to new games, and code fixes apply to on-going games.
Please note, there is no build 132.
Common
Technical
Fixed an issue with remote config causing errors
Added check for updating country relations for a disabled country token
Implemented link with email functionality for Torpor Accounts
Characters with no codex entries no longer generate error logs when clicked
Bug Fixes and Polish
Fixed issue with game getting stuck at loading or crashing if Firebase is unreachable
Numpad enter now works with dialogues
Fixed issue with Torpor Account profile hud overlapping with collections page
Fixed issues with some variables not getting set at right time
Kingdom of Rizia DLC
Content Updates
Updated the gold and tax crown prince choice
Made balancing updates to RRG
Fixed religious group relations taking too long to recover
Capped income tax increases
Made Intermerkopum authority modifier and resource bonus dynamic based on amount of members
Increased house relations benefit of royal concert
Moved new industry decision to turn 8 step 2
Made it slightly more difficult to annoy religious groups
Made the negative authority impacts of Denturists slightly higher
Small balancing edits on authority and budget
Fixed wrong report variables for Gasom branches
Added a couple missing dialogue responses
Added Vina's last name and updated possible death locations in summary screen
Added narrative support for pipeline sabotage decisions
Added report on tourism down
Fixed some Rich Presence mistakes
Added touch input for rotating collectibles
Adjusted XP bar and achievement count sizes
Fixed issue with anti air and coastal artilleries persistence
Fixed issue with epilogue and map music overlapping when game is loaded right before epilogue
Updated contional instructions on access to places of worship
Updated conditinal instructions on diversified economy
No more zombie Adarfo
Stopped "escape from palace" revolution ending from triggering on abdication path
Fixed Pales not joining Intermerkopum despite military alliance
Fixed incorrect event chain in Exile epilogue
Restructured and added default options to ATA/Su Omina funding decision in Turn 8 security scene
Revocation of Golcondist ban now shows up in decree panel when enacted in dialogue
Updated how Wruhec's Guardians are triggered in the birthday scene
Updated credits to include a voluntary community tester
Minor fix to summary panel portrait frame
Design & Balancing
Fixed problem with business growth situation not appearing
Republic of Sordland
Audio
Fixed no music issue at curriculum discussion
Design & Balancing
Fixed Beatrice being shown as successor before game end
